Resources for medical students

Free clinical tools, epidemiology references, biostatistics calculators, and study resources — built and curated by doctors for the next generation of clinicians.

Key Formulas — Quick Reference

Measure Formula When to use
SensitivityTP / (TP + FN)How well a test detects true positives (rules out disease when negative)
SpecificityTN / (TN + FP)How well a test excludes true negatives (rules in disease when positive)
PPVTP / (TP + FP)Probability a positive test is a true positive (affected by prevalence)
NPVTN / (TN + FN)Probability a negative test is a true negative
Odds Ratio(a×d) / (b×c)Association measure for case-control studies
Relative Risk[a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]Association measure for cohort and RCT studies
ARRCER − EERAbsolute risk reduction — actual reduction in event rate with treatment
NNT1 / ARRNumber needed to treat — clinically meaningful measure of effect size
Incidence RateNew cases / Person-time at riskDisease frequency in a defined population over time
PrevalenceAll cases / Population at riskDisease burden at a point in time

Full formula sheets with worked examples: Biostatistics Formula Tool →

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